viernes, 27 de marzo de 2020

BASEBALL 

BASEBALL RULES: 

Baseball or baseball is a two-team sport whose purpose is after hitting the ball with a "bat" to go through the bases until you return to the starting point. 10 baseball rules are:
If the pitcher or pitcher hits the ball to the batter, he takes first base without hitting the ball: if there is a player at first base, he goes to second.
The pitcher must not spit on the ball, hands or gloves.
To consider that a player "passes through a base" the player must touch the base.
Not glass or polished metal buttons can be used on the uniform
After three strike "out" is sung
If a ball thrown by the batter is taken by the opposing team before it hits the ground, it is "out."
If the batter does not hit the ball and passes through the "validate" zone, the pitch is strike.
If the batter tries to hit the ball and passes through an "invalid" zone, it is a strike.
If the batter does not attempt to hit the ball and passes through an "invalid" zone, it is a strike.     
Batters must follow the batting order established by the technician before starting the game.
Baseball is a competitive sport consisting of two teams of nine players each, where at one point one team defends and at the other attacks, the idea of ​​the game is for the "attacking" team to receive the ball from a pitcher or pitcher of the another team, hitting it with a bat and then running as many bases as possible before being touched by the ball, or before being touched by a player holding the ball.
When the player is touching the base, he cannot be touched by the opposing team, that is to say, "he is safe". Then under the same conditions he must continue walking the bases as his teammates now hitters manage to hit the ball.
In total there are 3 bases and a home plate (batting place), the player scores a run if he reaches home plate again without being touched.
Baseball is generally made up of 9 innings (although it can be expanded) where in each inning each team has the opportunity to defend and attack, the inning ends after the two teams have played and each has reached 3 outs. Baseball rules are extensive and necessary, they also specify how to proceed in each situation.


FAVORITE TEAM

          The New York Yankees (Español, Yanquis de Nueva York) are a professional American baseball team based in New York City. They compete in the Eastern Division of the American League (AL) of the Major League Baseball (MLB) and play their home games at Yankee Stadium, located in the borough of The Bronx.
The team was founded in 1901 as the Baltimore Orioles (unrelated to the current Orioles) and two years later it moved to New York, where it changed its name to New York Highlanders. The Highlanders adopted the Yankees name in 1913.
The Yankees are the most successful franchise in the history of American sports. His record includes a total of twenty-seven World Series, forty American League pennants and nineteen divisional titles, all MLB records. Some of the considered best players in baseball history, such as Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Yogi Berra, Derek Jeter, Roger Clemens or Álex Rodríguez, have militated in the ranks of the New York team.
          According to Forbes magazine, the New York Yankees are the second most valuable sports club in the world and the first in the MLB with an estimated value of $ 4.6 billion.


Alex Rodriguez


Alexander Emmanuel Rodríguez (New York; July 27, 1975) is a former American professional baseball player of Dominican descent who played in the Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees. He won two gold gloves and nine silver bats. He previously played shortstop for the Seattle Mariners, and then for the Texas Rangers. Nicknamed A-Rod, he has been the second player with that name, given that in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, Mexican third baseman Aurelio Rodríguez, a player from the Seattle Mariners, Texas Rangers and New York Yankees, was nicknamed that way.
Rodríguez is considered one of the best baseball players of all time. He is the youngest player to connect 500 homeruns, breaking the record set by Jimmie Foxx in 1939, and the youngest to reach 600, beating Babe Ruth's record for a year.
Over 14 seasons he pushed 100 more runs, more than any other player in history. On September 24, 2010, Alex connected two homeruns, surpassing Sammy Sosa's 609 homerun mark, and becoming the all-time homerun leader for a player of Hispanic descent.
In December 2007, Rodríguez and the Yankees agreed to a 10-year, $ 276 million contract. This contract was the longest in baseball history (breaking his previous record of $ 252 million).
Already for the 2015 season, Rodriguez had a great comeback, hitting 33 homers and hitting 3,000 career hits with a home run to right field against pitches by Detroit right-back pitcher Tigers Justin Verlander. He is one of the players with the roundest numbers in history, having accumulated more than 3,000 hits, more than 2,000 runs scored, more than 2,000 runs pushed and more than 690 homeruns.
On Sunday August 7, 2016, Rodríguez announced his retirement from baseball at a press conference, despite having a current contract for the 2017 season, with the New York Yankees, his low batting percentage as well as injuries forced him to take this decision.

On August 12, 2016, Alex Rodríguez played his last major league game in baseball against the Tampa Bay Rays, connecting an extra base in the first inning. At the end of the game he was fired by a great ovation from the public and his teammates. He failed to hit 700 home runs as desired. He ended his career with 696 home runs being the fourth home run of all time behind Barry Bonds, Hank Aaron and Babe Ruth.

Sports history - Baseball

Brief History of Baseball

TISSUE

          The term tissue refers to a group of similar cells. Being made up of a combination of the same cells, a tissue has the same function in any part of the body. The union between tissues shapes the different organs.
          On the basis of their physical structure and the function they perform, the tissues are divided into 4 classifications:
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue

Nervous Tissue
          The nervous tissue captures, transmits and interprets the information that reaches the body. It is made up of neurons and supporting cells.

          Neurons. Elongated cells that receive stimuli and transmit them as electrical impulses to other neurons or other types of cells. They have the ability to communicate accurately, quickly, and at long distances with other cells, be they nerve, muscle, or glandular. Neurons are the operating units of nervous tissue. The set of dendrites and axons. It is called nerve fiber. The nerves are made up of a group of nerve fibers. Neurons, unlike most cells in the body, do not have the ability to reproduce during maturity.

Cellular body or soma. It contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron.
Terminal tree planting. They are ramifications of the axon. It transmits the information to other neurins.
Mielina. Covers the axon. It is made up of proteins and lipids. It allows the rapid transmission of impulses throughout the neuron.





Axon. It is an extension of the cytoplasm. It carries the nerve impulse from the cell body to other cells.

Dendrites. They are short cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli from other neurons and carry them to soma.

          Support cells. It is in contact with neurons. They are of two types: neuroglia cells, which protect and feed the neurons, and microglia cells, which have a defensive function, as they phagocytize substances and microorganisms harmful to the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Types Of Nerves
          According to their function, three types of nerves are distinguished:
  • Sensory. They receive information from the rest of the body and take it to the CNS.
  • Engines. They transport the responses from the CNS to the respective organs.
  • Mixed. They transmit messages within the SNC. The specialized junctions by which neurons send signals to each other are called synapses.

Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue participates in the production of movement. Its elongated cells, called muscle fibers, contract and relax in response to nerve stimuli. A set of muscle fibers forms a muscle bundle. Several beams create a muscle.
The bones and joints provide the body with a system of levers and support the body. However, they cannot move by themselves. Movement results from the contraction and relaxation of muscles. The muscle fibers are made up of filaments of the actin and myosin proteins, responsible for contraction.

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
  



  

 
Its cells are striated, mononucleated (they have a single nucleus) and branched. Its contraction is involuntary. It forms the heart.
Its cells are cylindrical, elongated and multinucleated (they have more than one nucleus). It has stretch marks. You can contract and relax voluntarily. It is inserted into the bones.
Its cells are cylindrical, elongated and multinucleated (they have more than one nucleus). It has stretch marks. You can contract and relax voluntarily. It is inserted into the bones.


Fabrics: types and functions

What are tissues?

THE CELL

          English scientist Robert Hooke (1635-1703) observed fine cuts of cork under a microscope, and noticed the presence of small cells, similar to those of a honeycomb, which he called cellulas, which in Latin means "little cells".
          The cell is the fundamental unit of living beings that contains all the material necessary to maintain vital processes such as growth, nutrition and reproduction. It is found in a variety of shapes, sizes and functions.
          Its size is so small that the micrometer or micron (um) is used as a unit to measure its dimensions (1 um is one thousandth of a millimeter).
New observation and analysis techniques have been added to microscopy, such as those provided by molecular biology, which have allowed for rapid and continuous progress in understanding the functioning of the cellular organization; however, much remains to be discovered.
Next, we will review cell theory; its three central ideas underpin all the scientific knowledge built up to now about cells.

CELL THEORY
          The cells were discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke and about 200 years later, thanks to the improvement of microscopes and the observations of many scientists, among whom Schleiden and Schwann stood out, the true importance of this discovery was understood and it was postulated cell theory. This is still in force and maintains that:
          The cell is the structural or anatomical unit of all living things. All organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, are made up of one or more cells.
          The cell is the functional or physiological unit of living beings. In it all the processes that living beings carry out, such as nutrition, waste removal and respiration, among others, occur.
          The cell is the reproductive or origin unit of living beings. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

CELL TYPES
          Depending on the complexity they show, there are two types of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The former correspond to bacteria and the latter, which are more complex, make up the rest of living organisms.
          There are several differences between both types of cells, but the main one is the presence or absence of a cell nucleus. This is a usually spherical structure, made up of a double membrane, which contains the genetic material inside: DNA. Prokaryotes have no nucleus (pro = before, karyon = nucleus, in ancient Greek), while eukaryotes do (nucleus = true).

PROKARYOTIC CELLS
          Prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotes. These cells are surrounded by a membrane, called the plasma membrane, and inside it is the cytoplasm. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances from the exterior to the interior of the cells, and vice versa, the cytoplasm, meanwhile, is a kind of semi-transparent, gelatinous fluid, formed mainly by water and proteins.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
          All animals, plants and fungi are eukaryotic organisms, in addition to algae and protozoa, such as amoebae. The distinctive feature of eukaryotic cells is the presence of structures formed by membranes.
The basic components of all eukaryotic cells are the plasma membrane, the cell nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
In addition, three types of structures are distinguished inside eukaryotic cells. In general, these structures are called organelles and each one has a specific function.
  • Membrane-less structures, such as ribosomes, centrosomes, and the cytoskeleton.
  • Endomembrane system, which are the interconnected membranous structures and vesicles, the main ones are the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the vacuoles and the lysosomes.
  • Energy transducing organelles; they are the mitochondria and the chloroplasts.
Next, the structure of eukaryotic cells in general is described.



The cell
   

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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